Ch 3: CYBER THREATS AND CYBER LAWS — Study Material & Test Yourself

1(a): Cyber Threats and Cyber Laws

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List of Further Readings List of Other References LESSON 2 CYBER SECURITY Cyber Security Significance of Cyber Security Cyber Security Fundamentals Cyber Security Techniques Challenges and Restrictions Cybercrime as one of the major challenges Snap-Shot of Common Kinds of Cyber-attacks Solution – Confrontation Strategy to Challenges and Limitations Additional Challenges and Limitations: Recent Trends Rise of AI Threats and Cybersecurity: Predictions For 2024 Rise of Specialized Language Models Threat Actors will use AI to get ahead Spike in Third-Party Data Breaches Cyber expertise is coming to the Boardroom Managing Third-Party risk to stay resilient Cyber Security Policies - National and International Cyberspace: Boon as well as Bane Requirement of Cyber Security Policies National Cyber Security Policy -2013: A Brief National Cyber Security Strategy: Recent Trends Draft National Cyber Security Strategy National Cyber Security Strategy 2023: Latest Updates Bharat National Cyber Security Exercise 2023: Elevating India’s Cybersecurity Preparedness to New Heights (xiii) Cyber Security Policy: International Standards International Convention on Cyberspace International Convention on Cyberspace: A Brief Timeline Cyber Security: Legal And Compliance Assessment Cyber Security: Legal Assessment Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: New Paradigm of Data Privacy and Compliance Cyber Security: Major Regulating Bodies and Compliance Requirements Cyber Security: Recent Government Initiatives in India Concluding Remarks: Need of the Hour Lesson Round-Up Test Yourself List of Further Readings List of Other References LESSON 3 CYBER THREATS AND CYBER LAWS Regulatory Framework Introduction Cyber Threats Cyber Warfare Cyber Crime Cyber Terrorism Cyber Terrorism vis-à-vis Cyber Crime Basic elements of Cyber Terrorism Legal Provisions dealing with Cyber terrorism Types of Cyber Threats/ Attacks Web-Based Attacks System-Based Attacks Recent Cybers Threats - 2022 Covid-Themed Phishing Attacks Ransomware Attacks Insider Threats Supply Chain Attacks Polyglot Files (xiv) Distributed Denial of Service (DdoS) Attacks Social Engineering Phishing Malvertising Zero-Day Exploits Cyber Threat Hunting and Digital Forensics Cyber Threat Hunting Threat Hunting Investigations Threat Hunting Techniques Hunting Steps Digital Forensics Digital Intellectual Property Liability of Online Platforms 26 Leading E-Commerce Platforms Declare Compliance with Self-Audit to Eliminate Dark Patterns Legal/Regulatory regime of “Intermediary/Online Platform Liability” in India Laws Applicable to AI and Cyber Laws Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act, 2000) Information Technology Rules (IT Rules) Proposed Digital India Act: An Act in Progress to replace Information Technology Act, 2000 Nine Pillars of Digital India Necessity for Digital India Act (DIA) Need for Digital India Act Salient Features of Proposed Digital India Act Government notifies amendments to Rule 3(1)(d) of the IT Rules, 2021 to enhance transparency, accountability and safeguards Requirement of Industry Alignment towards Goals and Proposed Structure of DIA: Challenges Ahead in the Implementation of DIA, 2023 Way Forward for Effective Implementation of DIA, 2023 Way Forward Companies Act, 2013 Indian Penal Code, 1860 Criminal Law is proposed to be replaced from New Legislations Cyber Security Framework (NCFS) Data Protection and AI: Laws And Regulations Artificial Intelligence: Brief Description (xv) Evolution AI Methods India and AI Benefits Steps taken by the Government Data Protection: Indian Legal Perspective The Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019 - Key Highlights India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: Key Provisions Exemptions under the DPDP Act Steps for companies prepare for compliance under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act Global Data Protection Models European Union (Proposed) AI Act, 2024 Summary of European Union proposed AI Act Four (4) Point Summary of European Union Proposed AI Governance Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021 Salient Features Other Statutes on Data Protection Lesson Round-Up Test Yourself List of Further Readings LESSON 4 CYBER CRIMES AND INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES Introduction Overview of Cyber Crimes Cyber crime vis-à-vis Indian scenario India is the 80th most targeted country worldwide in cybercrime: Report Tools and Techniques used to Commit Cyber Crimes Initiatives to Regulate and Control Cyber Crimes: Governmental and Law Enforcement Agencies Central Government Initiative on Strengthening Mechanism to Lever Cyber Crimes Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting and Management System Reporting of Cyber Crime (xvi) Process of Reporting A Cyber Crime Work Flow for Reporting a Cyber Crime State Nodal Officer and Grievance Officer Investigation of Cyber Crimes Under Indian Laws Who can investigate? Process of search & arrest Documentation Preservation Examination Presentation Some of the common cyber-crimes of 2023-2024 Computer Forensics and Digital Evidence What are Computer Forensics? Use of Computer Forensics Types of Computer Forensics Role of Computer Forensics Computer Forensics vis-a-vis Cyber Security Investigations vide Computer Forensics Digital Forensics - Chain of Custody Significance of maintaining Chain of Custody Security Audit Meaning of Audit Significance of Security Audit Advantages of Security Audit Types of Security Audit Cyber Security Audit: A Snapshot Cyber Attacks in Middle East India and Pakistan Conflict Retribution by China Cyber attack by Tamil Tigers Yugoslavia Conflict Cyber Attack on Estonia Sony PlayStation Network, Microsoft’s Xbox Live network case Indian Law & Cyber Terrorism Hacking (xvii) Here is a short list of great hackers of the world. Lesson Round-Up List of Further Readings List of Other References LESSON 5 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ON AI, CYBER SECURITY AND CYBERSPACE E-Governance in India Meaning of e-Governance Evolution of E-Governance Objectives Pillars of e-Governance Types of Interaction in e-Governance Types of interactions in e-Governance Government to Government (G2G) Government to Citizen (G2C) Government to Businesses (G2B) Government to Employees (G2E) National E-governance Plan Central government initiatives as mission mode projects (MMP) State Mission Mode Projects Integrated Mission Mode Projects Recent Initiatives E-Governance/Digital India: Snap Shot of Recent Government Initiatives RBI Regulations governing AI, Cyber Security and Cyberspace Implications of RBI Requirements Master Direction on Information Technology Governance, Risk, Controls and Assurance Practices RBI’s Updated Master Direction: Navigating the Digital Landscape Safely Thematic Objectives of the New RBI Master Directions: Sebi Regulations Governing AI, Cyber Security and Cyberspace SEBI Cyber Security Guidelines, 2023 – Cyber Security and Cyber Resilience framework for Portfolio Managers Governance Identify (xviii) Protection Monitoring and Detection Response and Recovery Sharing of information Training Periodic Audit Vendors or Service Providers MeitY Unveils India AI Governance Guidelines under IndiaAI Mission to Ensure Safe, Inclusive, and Responsible Adoption of Artificial Intelligence across Sectors International Principles Governing AI, Cyber Security and Cyberspace: An Overview OECD AI Principles: Overview Other Applicable Regulatory Framework Lesson Round-Up Test Yourself List of Further Readings List of Other References LESSON 6 DATA ANALYTICS AND LAW Introduction Data Analytics Kinds of Data collected by Company The Evolution of Data Analytics Data Analysis Steps Types of Data Analytics Data Analytics Techniques Data Analytics Tools Introduction to Legal Analytics Legal Data Analytics: Meaning Advantage of Legal Data Analytics: Implementing Data Analytics to Legal Practice: Business of Law Analytics vis-à-vis Practice Law Analytics Practice of Law Analytics Contract Analytics Case Analytics (xix) Introduction to Machine Learning for Lawyers Use of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Law Review Documents and Legal Research Help perform Due Diligence Contract Review and Management Predict Legal Outcomes Legal Research Data Incorporated into Legal Analytics Ways to use Legal Analytics Quantitative Legal Prediction vis-à-vis Business Of Law Overview of Quantitative Legal Prediction (QLP) Applications of Quantitative Legal Prediction Limitations of Quantitative Legal Prediction Using QLP to Predict Court Case Outcomes Using QLP for Profiling Judges and its Rule of Law Implications Bias/ Variance, Precision/Recall & Dimensionality Bias and Variance in Machine Learning Errors in Machine Learning What is Bias? Ways to reduce High Bias: What is a Variance Error? Ways to Reduce High Variance: Different Combinations of Bias-Variance How to identify High variance or High Bias? Trade Offs and Bias Bias-Variance Trade-Off Overfitting, Underfitting, & Cross-Validation Overfitting How to avoid the Overfitting in Model Underfitting Logistic Regression and Maximum Likelihood Logistic Regression in Machine Learning Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) What is the likelihood? Working of Maximum Likelihood Estimation (xx) Triple C Theory and Data Assessment Direct Assessment Indirect Assessment Triple C Theory and Data Analysis Network Analysis and Law Examples of Network Analysis and Law Research Case of Network Analysis in Law Future of network analysis in legal history Lesson Round-Up Test Yourself List of Further Readings List of Other References LESSON 7 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE An Introduction Computer System: Concept Characteristics of a Computer Categories: Types of Computer System Emerging Technologies Components of Computer System Primary and Secondary Storage Computer Storage Capacities Computer Peripherals – Inputs, Output, and Storage Devices Computer Software : An Introduction Software Trends Multi-Programming Multi-Processing Time Sharing Batch Processing On-Line and Real Time Processing Application Software Lesson Round-Up Test Yourself List of Further Readings (xxi) List of Other References LESSON 8 NETWORK BASICS AND SECURITY Introduction Network Security Objectives of Network Security Intranets Extranets  Internet  Networking Concepts OSI model TCP/IP model (the Internet Protocol Suite) The Internet Protocol Suite Ports Secure Protocols  Common Network Attacks  Network Devices Hubs  Bridges Switch  Security Devices Firewall Lesson Round-Up Glossary Test Yourself List of further readings LESSON 9 SOFTWARES AND SOFTWARE SECURITY Introduction Software-Overview Characteristics Of Good Software Software Classification  Application Software (xxii) Utility Software Other Types of Software on the Basis of Availability and Shareability Software Security Software Security: Overview and Significance  Software Security: A Proactive Security Software Security Goals Software Security: Best Practices What to avoid in Software Security? Case Study and Case Laws of Indian Law on Software Security . SAAS; PAAS, IAAS and On-Premise Software: Overview 1Recent Trends  IAAS Services IAAS Platform and Architecture Pricing Advantages Typical use Cases IAAS: Storage PAAS Advantages of PAAS Disadvantages of PAAS Use Cases for PAAS Purpose-Built PAAS Types SAAS SERVICES Characteristics of SAAS Advantages of SAAS Future of SAAS On Premise Software Pros and Cons of On-Premise Software Legal and Compliance Requirements of Software Security  Lesson Round-Up Glossary Test Yourself List of further readings LESSON 10 DATABASE MANAGEMENT (xxiii) Database Concepts Purpose of Database Database Abstraction Advantages of Database Disadvantages of Database Data Structure Types of Data Structures Primitive Data Structures Non-Primitive Data Structures Key Features of Data Structures Implementation of Data Structures Database Management System DBMS Architecture DBMS Components Advantages of DBMS Disadvantages of DBMS Database Files Types of Database Files Access and Manipulation of Database Files Data Mining And Warehousing Data Mining Some key characteristics of data mining include Data Warehousing Differences between Data Mining and Data Warehousing Uses of Data Mining and Data Warehousing: Lesson Round-Up Test Yourself LESSON 11 DATA ANALYTICS Introduction to Data Analytics Process of Data Analytics Data Analytics Types Benefits of Data Analytics (xxiv) Data Recovery Tools Data Recovery Procedures and Ethics Digital Ethics Role of Digital Ethics in Data Storage Data Recovery Ethics Types of Data Recovery  Business continuity/disaster recovery (BCDR)  Gathering Evidence- Precautions, Preserving and Safely Handling Original Media for its Admissibility Collection Options Obstacles Volatile Evidence Methods of Collection Reconstructing the Attack Searching and Seizing Methodology Development Evidence Search and Seizure Duplication and Preservation of Digital Evidence Preserving the Digital Crime Scene SafeBack SnapBack Computer Evidence Processing Steps Legal Aspects of Collecting and Preserving Computer Forensic Evidence Legal Requirements Evidence Collection Procedure The Incident Coordinator The Incident Coordinator The Evidence Notebook Evidence Collection Computer Image Verification and Authentication Special Needs of Evidential Authentication Digital IDS and Authentication Technology Authenticode (xxv) Public Key Cryptography Certificate Authorities (CA) Digital ID How Authenticode works with VeriSign Digital IDs? Document a Chain of Custody and its Importance Evidence Collection Evidence Marking and Packaging Chain of Custody Transfer of Evidence to Property Room Some commonly used file systems EXT File Systems What is a file format? Steps in the file system forensics process Acquisition Validation and discrimination Extraction Reconstruction Reporting Recovery of Internet Usage Data Requirements of remote recovery Why is data privacy important? What are some of the challenges users face when protecting their online privacy? What are some of the challenges businesses face when protecting user privacy? Recover Swap Files/Temporary Files/Cache Files Ways to Recover Deleted Temp Files Retrieving deleted files Retrieving cached files Retrieving files in unallocated space Usage of computer forensics software tools to cross-validate findings in computer evidence-related cases Why is computer forensics important? Types of computer forensics How does computer forensics work? Lesson Round-Up Glossary (xxvi) Test Yourself List of Further Readings LESSON 12 INFORMATION SYSTEMS What is Information System Components of Information System Elements of complete Information System implementation Implementation Plans of Information System How Information System is Useful for Business Transformation of Business through Information System Types of Information System Benefits of an Office Automation System Key features of an Office Automation System Application of Information Systems in Business Information Systems and Security Lesson Round-Up Glossary Test Yourself Lesson 13 Management Information Systems – An Overview Introduction Evolution of the Concept of Management Information System Objectives of Management Information System Characteristics of Management Information System Advantages of Management Information System Disadvantages of Management Information System Components of Management Information System MIS and Its Functional Subsystems Utilization of Management Information System in Indian Business Scenario Role of Management Information System in Decision Making Management Information System and Other Information Systems Applications of Management Information System (xxvii) Applications of Management Information System in Service Sectors Management Information System and Other Academic Disciplines Management Information System and Security Lesson Round-Up Glossary Test Yourself LESSON 14 ENTERPRISE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Enterprise Resource Management: Introduction Understanding Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Significance of ERP How ERP Works Before ERP and After ERP Benefits of Enterprise Resource Planning Limitations of Enterprise Resource Planning ERP Related Technologies Type of ERP System Modules Planning Evaluation and Selection of ERP Systems Stage 1 - Plan Requirement Stage 2 - Request For Proposals (RFP) Stage 3 - Solution Evaluation Stage 4 - Contract Negotiation Stage 5 - Selection and Agreement Recent Trends In ERP: 2023 Lesson Round-Up Test Yourself List of Further Readings List of Other References LESSON 15 INTERNET AND OTHER TECHNOLOGIES Applications of Internet (xxviii) Application of Internet: Major Types Example of Application of Internet Internet Protocols Working of Internet Protocol Need of Protocols What is IP Address? Types of Internet Protocol E-Commerce Development of E-commerce Benefits and Limitations of E-Commerce Types of E-Commerce (B2B, B2C, C2C AND C2B) Supply Chain Management Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT): How it works Major Features of Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) Digital Currency Types of Digital Currencies Advantages and Disadvantages Block Chain Technology Transaction Process Payment Portal Examples of Payment Gateways E-Commerce Security – Mobile Commerce (M-Commerce) Types of M-commerce Working of Mobile Commerce M-commerce vs. E-commerce Future of Mobile Commerce Bluetooth and WI-FI List of Further Readings List of Other References TEST PAPERS PART I LEGAL & COMPLIANCE PERSPECTIVE Lesson KEY CONCEPTS n Artificial Intelligence n ChatBots and Virtual Assistants n Use of Artificial Intelligence in Cyberspace n Challenges in Implementing AI Technologies n Legal Trends in India related to Artificial Intelligence To understand: - The concept of Artificial Intelligence - And get an idea about basic uses of Artificial Intelligence - The AI technology with its pros and cons - The Challenges faced in implementing AI - And get an idea about recent Legal trends in AI - The ethical questions related to AI - Introduction - The Emergence of Artificial Intelligence in a Modern IT World - ChatBots and Virtual Assistance: Boon or Bane - Need and Significance of AI in Cyberspace - Challenges and Opportunities of AI - AI and Cyber Security - AI v. Ethics & Morality - AI v. Law and Compliance - AI and Intellectual Property Laws - Efforts of Government of India on Artificial Intelligence Learning Objectives Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) – Introduction and Basics Lesson Outline - Case Studies - Lesson Round-Up - Test Yourself - List of Further Readings - List of Other References Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) - Introduction and Basics INTRODUCTION Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) is a branch of computer science and engineering that focuses on developing devices and programmes that are capable of carrying out operations that ordinarily call for human intellect, such as comprehending natural language, identifying objects, and forming judgements. As per the Investopedia, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is defined as the simulation of human intelligence by software-coded heuristics. Nowadays this code is prevalent in everything from cloud-based, enterprise applications to consumer apps and even embedded firmware.1 Interesting Fact1 The year 2022 brought AI into the mainstream through widespread familiarity with applications of Generative Pre-Training Transformer. The most popular application is Open AI’s ChatGPT. The widespread fascination with ChatGPT made it synonymous with AI in the minds of most consumers. However, it represents only a small portion of the ways that AI technology is being used today. Depending on the situation, several interpretations of AI’s significance can be made. The capacity of computers to display intelligent behaviour, such as learning, thinking, and problem-solving, is at the heart of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Yet, the technology or environment in which AI is utilised can also have an impact on what it means. Artificial Intelligence, for instance, pertains to a machine’s capacity to comprehend and produce human language in the context of natural language processing. Artificial Intelligence (AI) can also refer to a machine’s capacity to comprehend and engage with the physical environment. Source: https://intellipaat.com Under this background, this lesson aims to introduce the concept of AI, explore its meaning and definition. Artificial Intelligence: Characteristics The goal of Artificial Intelligence (AI), which an interdisciplinary study, is to develop intelligent computers that can carry out activities that ordinarily require human intelligence. AI aims to create robots that can reason, learn, and understand like humans, and that are able to solve challenging issues and adapt to evolving circumstances. The ideal characteristic of artificial intelligence is its ability to rationalize and take actions that have the best chance of achieving a specific goal. A subset of artificial intelligence is Machine Learning (ML), which refers to the concept that computer programs can automatically learn from and adapt to new data without being

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1(b): Cyber Threats and Cyber Laws

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Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/artificial-intelligence-ai.asp LESSON 1 Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) - Introduction and Basics assisted by humans. Deep learning techniques enable this automatic learning through the absorption of huge amounts of unstructured data such as text, images, or video. Several sectors, including healthcare, banking, transportation, and entertainment, can benefit from the use of AI. For instance, AI-powered autonomous cars can increase transportation safety and efficiency while AI- powered medical imaging technologies can assist doctors in providing more precise diagnoses. Key Takeaways l Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation or approximation of human intelligence in machines. l The goals of artificial intelligence include computer-enhanced learning, reasoning, and perception. l AI is being used today across different industries from finance to healthcare. l Weak AI tends to be simple and single-task oriented, while strong AI carries on tasks that are more complex and human-like. l Some critics fear that the extensive use of advanced AI can have a negative effect on society. In conclusion, artificial intelligence is a fast-expanding topic that entails the creation of computer devices capable of carrying out operations that normally call for human intellect. AI is a fast-developing field that aims to alter how humans live, work and interact with the world around us. AI is intended to be independent and intelligent. EVOLUTION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE John McCarthy, the founder of artificial intelligence, provided the original definition of the word in 1955, essentially stating: “The goal of AI is to develop machines that behave as though they were intelligent”. The science of Artificial Intelligence (AI), which is expanding quickly, is transforming the manner we operate, live, and interact with the environment. The creation of computer systems with Artificial Intelligence (AI) is what allows them to do things like understand language, acquire, organize, solve problems, and make decisions— tasks that would ordinarily need human intellect. Although the idea of artificial intelligence has been known since the 1950s, it has only recently gained widespread recognition. AI is currently employed in a wide range of industries, from voice assistants like ‘Siri’ and ‘Alexa’ to self-driving automobiles and medical diagnosis, owing to developments in machine learning and deep learning. The study of Artificial Intelligence (AI) spans a wide range of technologies and methodologies. Building systems that can acquire information and adjust to changing conditions is at the heart of artificial intelligence. A mix of algorithms, data processing methods, and numerical simulations are used to do this. The fact that AI is built to be independent is one of its fundamental qualities. This implies that AI can make decisions independently of human input. However, the autonomy that gives AI its strength also comes with several grave difficulties. It may be difficult to comprehend why such an AI system committed an error and how to fix it, for instance, if the system makes one. The fact that AI is clever by design itself is another important feature. This intelligence may manifest itself in a variety of ways, from the capacity to spot data trends to the capacity for deliberation and judgement. Although it is the eventual objective of AI, there is still a long way for development of machines that can replicate human intellect. A rapid emerging field among technology is AI that is rapidly evolving with each passing day. The potential of AI systems is always growing as new methods and algorithms are created. So, a large increase in the number of AI technologies is to be anticipated in the upcoming years. Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) - Introduction and Basics Examples of Artificial Intelligence2 AI is used in different types of technologies. For example, l Machine Learning – It helps computers act without the need for programming. There are three types of machine learning. l Supervised learning – Patterns can be recognized using labeled data sets and then used to label new data sets. l Unsupervised learning – Data sets can be sorted according to how similar or different they are. l Reinforcement learning – The AI system is given feedback after actions are performed. l Automation – Tasks can be enhanced when automation tools are coupled together with AI. Big enterprise jobs can be automated while the intelligence from AI is passed on to process changes. l Machine Vision – Machine Vision uses a camera, digital signal processing, and analog-to-analog conversion, to capture and then analyze visual information. It is used in signature analysis to medical analysis. l Self-driving Cars – Automatic vehicles use deep learning, image recognition, and machine vision to make sure the vehicle stays in the proper lane as well as dodges pedestrians. l Robotics – Robotics is an engineering field that focuses on the designing and manufacturing of robots. Nowadays, Machine Learning is being used to build robots so that they can interact with society. Types of Artificial Intelligence3 There are four types of AI: Reactive Machines Limited Memory Theory of Mind Self-Awareness l Simple classification and pattern recognition tasks l Complex classification tasks l Understands human reasoning and motives l Human-level intelligence that can by- pass human intelligence too l Great when all parameters are known l Uses historical data to make predictions l Needs fewer examples to learn because it understands motives l Sense of self- consciousness l Can’t deal with imperfect information l Current state of AI l Next milestone for the evolution of AI l Does not exist yet THE EMERGENCE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN A MODERN IT WORLD Although artificial intelligence has been available for a long time now, it has only recently become a significant technical breakthrough in the current IT industry. AI has improved substantially in recent years thanks to

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2(a): Cyber Threats and Cyber Laws

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Reproduced from https://intellipaat.com/blog/what-is-artificial-intelligence/#no2

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2(b): Cyber Threats and Cyber Laws

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Reproduced from https://intellipaat.com/blog/what-is-artificial-intelligence/#no2 LESSON 1 Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) - Introduction and Basics developments in computing power, storage systems, and algorithmic methods. With the advent of AI in the contemporary IT world, its effects on humanity have handed numerous benefits. The History of AI The first attempts to create technologies that could replicate human intellect were made in the 1950s, which is when Artificial Intelligence (AI) was first explored. Rule-based technologies, which were designed with a set of guidelines to carry out particular tasks, were the foundation for initial AI systems. These systems had constrained capacities and were able to carry out the tasks that were specified in their programming. During 1980s, AI systems started to advance more toward advanced structures like neural networks, which mimic the functioning of the human brain. As a result, innovations in speech processing, language processing, and picture identification occurred, laying the groundwork for current artificial intelligence. Advent of Contemporary AI AI has just become a significant technological development in the current IT industry. With the development of datasets, cloud technology, and cutting-edge techniques, AI systems can now analyse vast quantities of data, learn from that, and base recommendations or conclusions on it. The two primary kinds of AI systems are specific AI and general AI. Narrow AI is created to carry out particular functions, such language translation or picture identification. Contrarily, general AI is intended to be intelligent like humans and to be able to reason and learn in a variety of contexts. AI’s influence on Modern Society AI’s advent has had a big effect on modern society, both for the better and worse. Positively, artificial intelligence has the ability to completely transform a variety of sectors, including healthcare, transportation, and finance. For instance, AI-powered autonomous cars can increase transportation safety and efficiency while AI-powered diagnostic imaging technologies can assist doctors in providing more accurate diagnoses. Concerns exist, nevertheless, on how AI will affect society. The possibility that AI may displace human labour in many areas, resulting in mass layoffs and economic instability, is one of the main worries. Concerns exist over AI’s use in monitoring and command, as well as its potential for unethical uses such militarization or cyberattacks. Growth of AI vis-à-vis Indian Vision: Glimpse of Future of India The News article of Ujjal De in ABP Live (March 16, 2023)4 highlighted the fact that AI is still an integral part of the Union Budget 2023 as it shows the Government’s continuous commitment to driving the mission. As India stands has already left China behind to be the most populous country in the world5, it now holds immense responsibility to decide the future of education, employment, and skill development of nearly one-fifth of the global population. With 65 percent of the population under 35 in contrast to a mostly ageing population of developed countries, India’s human capital impact is no longer regional. In the roadmap to becoming the next economic powerhouse and spearheading Industry 4.0 initiatives, the government is taking significant initiatives to rank India at the top of several technological capabilities, including Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI Announcements in Union Budget 2023 l In 2018, the Government’s apex public policy think-tank NITI Aayog proposed the creation of Centers of Excellence (CoEs) for AI learning and development.

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3(a): Cyber Threats and Cyber Laws

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Reproduced from De Ujjal (March, 2023) Make AI Work For India: What The Future Holds For Artificial Intelligence, ABP Live India.

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3(b): Cyber Threats and Cyber Laws

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See, https://thewire.in/society/india-china-highest-populated Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) - Introduction and Basics l The fact that AI is still an integral part of the Union Budget 2023 shows the government’s continuous commitment to driving the mission; the vision is clear: ‘Make AI in India and Make AI work for India,’ as outlined by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman during her Union Budget address. l Some of the announcements provided a glimpse into the plans for India’s AI implementation: - Set up three CoEs in top educational institutions for advanced AI research and development. It can develop next-generation AI solutions and also address the growing talent demand. - Increase AI usage and partner with industries for the R&D of scalable solutions in agriculture, health, and sustainable cities. Projects like Digital India BHASHINI and Digi Yatra can be the stepping-stone for large-scale AI implementation across all major sectors. - The Government will launch a National Data Governance Policy to enable widespread access to anonymized data and boost innovation for startups and academia. - Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY 4.0) will be upskilling lakhs of youths and aligning courses with industry needs, such as AI, IoT, etc., in the next three years. Earlier in 2023, Minister of State for Electronics and Information Technology mentioned at the first India Stack Developers Conference that India Stack 1.0 version would evolve and become more sophisticated and nuanced with the integration of the AI layer into the stack. Increase in AI Usage in Various Sectors l A comprehensive approach to building cloud infrastructure, 5G connectivity, data centres, and access to quality talent can increase the AI adoption rate. l Already a leading IT services and offshoring destination, India is making products for global markets and steadily implementing AI solutions to harness the massive volume of domestic data. l The coronavirus-induced pandemic catapulted the digitalization pace as the larger population embraced digital technologies like UPI (digital payment platform), CoWIN (Covid-19 vaccination portal), and DigiLocker (digital document repository). l India’s manufacturing sector aims to be a trillion-dollar sector and contribute 25 percent of the national GDP by 2025. l With a continuous increase in technology spend, AI adoption is gaining momentum in shopfloor automation, predictive maintenance, and reduced wastage. l The Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI) sector is witnessing a rapid digital transformation with the increased demand from the tech-savvy working population. l With a total banking asset of $2.67 trillion in 2022, India’s key focus is improving the tech infrastructure to enhance customer experience. With an initial implementation in payments and wallets, AI solutions are making their mark in digital lending, insurance, and investment processes. l The retail sector in India contributes to 10 percent of the country’s GDP and 8 percent of employment. Improved digital connectivity has aided e-commerce to trigger a surge in consumption in cities and rural areas. The FMCG sector is growing at a CAGR of 14.9 percent to reach $220 billion by 2025, and more and more brands are focusing on digital advertising to increase their consumer base. l AI solutions are at the forefront of data-driven analysis and decision-making like demand forecasting and marketing spend optimization. l The healthcare market has grown three-fold at a CAGR of 22 percent between 2016–22 and is one of the largest employers in India. Rising income levels and the post-pandemic shift toward preventive healthcare have increased investment in high-end health tech products and facilities. LESSON 1 Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) - Introduction and Basics l Organizations are exploring viable use cases through PoCs in cutting-edge healthcare technologies ranging from remote diagnostics, robotic surgeries and preventive analytics. l Tech giants like Google and Microsoft heavily invest in AI research and development in India. l Google Research India Lab is working on the ethical implementation of AI to transform healthcare, agriculture, wildlife conservation, and education. It also implements machine learning (ML) solutions to understand multilingual and multicultural nuances and improve Google’s apps and services like search, assistant, and payment. l Besides the data-intensive core sectors, AI is gaining a prominent foothold in digital-first sectors like telecom, tourism, education, digital media, and entertainment. l Microsoft India Development Center (MSIDC) is also working on various projects ranging from theory to advances in large-scale AI models. Project Jigsaw deals with large pre-trained language models such as GPT-3, and Project LITMUS discovering strategies to evaluate massive multilingual models are some projects initiated in the last few years. Future of AI in India An IDC report projected India’s AI market to reach $7.8 billion by 2025, growing at a CAGR of 20.2 percent. Organizations will invest in AI solutions across functions like customer service, HR, IT automation, security, etc. India has already built an edge in AI talent. The latest NASSCOM report ranks India first in terms of AI skill penetration and also in AI talent concentration globally. The rich and massive digital talent pool is rapidly upskilling for AI and catering to the talent demand in India and overseas. Despite the government’s ongoing skilling initiatives and development of the infrastructural framework, the NASSCOM AI Adoption Index 2022 positions India in the middle of the maturity scale, revealing the need for enterprises to scale up their AI initiatives significantly. Organizations should embed their AI strategy with the broader corporate strategy and invest more in developing data standards and building dedicated AI teams. The emergence of platform-agnostic AI solutions delivered on-demand over the cloud is helping organizations reduce deployment and maintenance costs, scale AI projects, and witness sustaining business outcomes. Implementing regulatory policies that ensure data protection, continuous government support, and a high concentration of qualified talent puts India in a unique position to expand its AI ecosystem and become the global leader. Concluding Remarks AI’s future holds both promise and uncertainty. AI has the ability to change a variety of societal spheres, including healthcare, academics, and entertainment. Yet there are additional obstacles to be addressed, such moral dilemmas, security issues, and legal problems. The creation of general AI, which has the potential to outperform human intellect and resolve challenging issues across several disciplines, is one of the major fields of AI study. Yet there are also worries about the dangers of developing highly intelligent AI, which, if not adequately controlled, may endanger human survival. However, the growth of AI in today’s IT industry is a big one that has the potential to change a lot of facets of mankind. The hazards must be properly managed, though, in order to guarantee that AI is created in a competent, moral, and responsible way. Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) - Introduction and Basics CHATBOTS AND VIRTUAL ASSISTANCE: BOON OR BANE6 Virtual Assistant, referred to as an AI assistant, is one that can recognize natural language audio instructions and carry out the user’s requests to fulfill and accomplish tasks. Previously, a personal assistant or secretary would handle activities including taking dictation, reading aloud email or text messages, searching up phone numbers, organizing, making phone calls, and alerting the user of scheduled appointments. Nowadays, Google Assistant, Apple’s Siri, Amazon Alexa, and Microsoft’s Cortana are some of the most well-known virtual assistants. On the other hand, a chatbot is a software package that mimics human conversation using text or voice inputs. It can provide customer support, carry out activities automatically, or even sell goods. Despite the fact that chatbots have been around for a while, current developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have made them more realistic and valuable than before. During the last few years, there has been a significant surge in the adoption of chatbots online and many businesses are using them every day. Source: World Economic Forum

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